Baterías para sistemas eléctricos usados en site de telecomunicaciones wisp

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Intro… te puedes saltar esta parte aqui solo se habla mucha mierda.

Las baterías son las encargadas de mantener nuestro site running (funcionando) y esta es la razón por la cual son uno de los elementos más importantes cuando te dispones a vender internet. El tamaño, la marca, el tipo y la capacidad / cantidad de energía que estas pueden acumular.

Debido a la gran cantidad de «marcas» existentes en el mercado de baterías me he vuelto en la necesidad de poder decidirme de las que mejores funcionan para la aplicación que le damos. No necesariamente la mejor es la que según el fabricante está diseñada para ese fin debido a que nosotros somos ingenieros y aqui el precio juega un papel fundamental.

En el párrafo anterior mencioné la palabra «marcas» en comillas porque hay una gran cantidad de baterías que son lo mismo pero con diferentes etiquetas. Esas baterías chinas actualmente inundan el mercado por su excelente relación capacidad vs costo. Y es aqui que nosotros nos vamos a concentrar.

Muchos me dicen en mensajes en las redes sociales…. «por qué no usas litio», «las baterías de gelatina son mejores»… «es mejor ponerle una batería LIFEPO»… unjú es muy fácil hablar de esas soluciones desde la comodidad de ti teclado pero vamos a ver si es verdad que tienes el POWER para colocar un banco de baterías en tu site que cuesta más que la misma torre.

Yo estoy usando estas baterías de vehículos chinas. Son baratas y dan muy buen resultado en autonomía. Según la placa del fabricante es de 12 voltios y 45 amperes hora.

Teoría basica de las baterías.

Solo te voy a enseñar por arriba lo que necesitas saber para decidirte por una batería. Sin abundar mucho ni teorizar demasiado ya que no vamos a ser ingenieros dedicados a la fabricación y diseño de baterías. Los valores más importantes de las baterías son:

  1. Tensión: La tensión es la diferencia de potencial eléctrico entre los polos de la batería medido en Voltios.
  2. Amperes horas (no me gusta): Es la corriente que teóricamente puede sostener la batería durante una hora sin interrupción. Este valor es teórico porque si haces ese experimento la batería literalmete va a explotar o se va a derretir debido a las altas temperaturas que esto ocacionará.
  3. Tipo de batería: Cómo es el diseño y la fabricación de la batería internamente.

¿Cuál es la capacidad total de la batería según la placa de la batería? Esto es necesario debido a que los amperios hora no son una unidad de medida de energía. Y necesitamos saber cuanta energía tiene la batería en su interior que sea aprovechable. Claro esto es según la placa de la batería.

La energia total de la bateria se define como la integral del producto de la tensión x la corriente en relación al tiempo. Sin embargo como la potencia es constante se simplifica multiplicando la potencia desarrollada en el circuito x el t.(tiempo)

Para calcular la energía de una batería se multiplica los amperios hora x su tensión nominal. Entonces dada una batería de 12 voltios la cual tiene en la placa que es de 45 amperios hora tenemos: 12 voltios x 45 amperios/horas el resultado sería 540 voltios/amperios hora. La formula de la potencia eléctrica en tensión constante nos dice que la potencia P (W) es igual a la tensión V multiplicada por la corriente A. Por tanto podemos decir que 540 voltios/amperios hora son en realidad 540 Watt/Horas.

Imagen-1: Luego de desconectar el panel y la energía comercial, medir la potencia que se desarrolla en el circuito. Para esto medir la tensión de la batería y la corriente que sale de la batería y calcular su producto. P=VxI

Ahora bien, cómo sé cuanto tiempo de autonomía me dan estos valores? fácil… tienes que medir la potencia que se desarrolla en el circuito batería-equipos. Para calcular esto tienes que colocar tu site en batería. Esto es sacar el panel solar de función y sacar la energía comercial. Dejar el site solo en batería y luego entonces medir la corriente que sale de las baterías y una vez anotado este valor procedemos a medir la tensión del banco de baterías. Si es solo una batería sería la tensión de la batería en ese momento de la medida de la corriente.

No todos los tester miden corriente DC. Fíjate si el tuyo tiene este símbolo A con las dos rayitas continuas

Entonces calculamos como aparece en la imagen 1 y luego entonces dividimos los Wh de la batería entre el resultado anterior. En nuestro caso sería 540Wh/25.4W serían 21.26 Horas. Este tiempo de autonomía es según la placa de la batería la cual sabemos que no es 100% real y más si son baterías chinas.

Calculando los amperes horas reales y la energía de las baterías.

Esto es un proceso sencillo sin embargo hay que tener paciencia porque demora horas. Hay dos formas de hacerlo pero básicamente es el mismo procedimiento. Consiste en asegurarte que las baterías están 100% cargadas y luego desconectar la energía comercial y esperar ahí tranquilo hasta que el site se apague. La otra opción es simular un consumo como el que mediste en tu site que sea equivalente. Para esto existen simuladores chinos que funcionan muy bien.

Con este simulador puedo hacer consumir la potencia que mida en el campo y generarla en laboratorio. Con esto no tento que sentarme en el site horas a que se descargue para medir el tiempo.

 

 

La batería anterior que dice fabricante es de 45 amperes hora en realidad es de 32. Si multiplicas los amperes horas x la tension nominal de la batería te da 385 Wh. Esta es la cantidad de energía que ella puede entregar luego de una carga al 100%

Importante a notar es que esta prueba de batería se hace a una temperatura de 27 grados C y desarrollando una potencia entre sus polos de 27 Watts. Se sabe que mientras más rápido descargues una batería menos energía total te entregará debido a perdida de potencia en la resistencia interna de la batería. Obviamente los materiales con los que se fabrica no son 100% puros ni tampoco ideales.

Entonces si ya sabes la energía total en Watts/h que puede entregar tu batería y sabes la potencia en Watts que desarrolla tu site solo tienes que dividir la energía total 385.7Wh / 27W que son poco más de 14 horas de autonomía.

Conclusión yo uso baterías de vehículo chinas debido a que aqui en República Dominicana son baratas accesibles y muy resistentes a temperaturas altas.

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